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M4man._M4
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1989-11-06
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->M4man
Name: M4 - macro processor
Usage: m4 [options] [file...]
Description
===========
M4 is a macro processor intended as a front end for high level languages
like C. Each of the argument files is processed in order; if there are no files
or if a file name is -, the standard input is read. The processed text is
written on the standard output.
The options and their effects are as follows;
-s Enable line sync output for the C preprocessor (i.e. #line directives).
This option must appear first.
-Dname[=val]
Defines 'name' to val or to null in val's abscence.
Uname undefines name
Macro calls have the form;
name(arg1,arg2,...., argn)
The ( must immediately follow the name of the macro. If the name of a defined
macro is not followed by a (, it is deemed to be a call of that macro with no
arguments. Potential macro names consist of alphabetic letters, digits, and
underscore _, where the first character is not a digit.
Leading unquoted blanks, tabs, and new-lines are ignored while collecting
arguments. Left and right single quotes are used to quote strings. The value
of a quoted string is the string stripped of the quotes.
When a macro name is recognized, its arguments are collected by searching
for a matching right parenthesis. If fewer arguments are supplied than are in
the macro definition, the trailing arguments are taken to be null. Macro
evaluation proceeds normally during the collection of the arguments, and any
commas or right parnethesis which happen to turn up within the value of a
nested call are as effective as those in the original input text. After
argument collection, the value of the macro is pushed back onto the input
stream and rescanned.
The following macros are available when m4 is started. They may be redefined,
but once this is done, the original meaning is lost. Their values are null
unless otherwise stated.
define the second argument is installed as the value of the macro whose name
is the first argument. Each occurence of $n in the replacement text,
where n is a digit is replaced by the n-th argument. Argument 0 is
the name of the macro; missing arguments are replaced by the null
string; $# is replaced by the number of arguments; $* is replaced by
a list of all the arguments separated by commas; $@ is like $*, but
each argument is quoted (with the current quotes).
undefine removes the definition of the macro named in its argument.
defn returns the quoted definition of the macro named in its argument.
It is useful for renaming macros but will not work on builtins.
pushdef like define, but saves any previous definition.
popdef removes current definition of its argument(s), exposing the previous
one, if any.
ifdef if the first argument is defined, the value is the second argument,
otherwise the third. IF there is no third argument, the value is
null.
shift returns all but its first argument. The other arguments are quoted
and pushed back with commas in between. The quoting nullifies the
effect of the extra scan that will subsequently be preformed.
changequote
change quote symbols to the first and second arguments. The symbols
may be upto one character long. The command changequote without
arguments restores the original values i.e. ''.
changecom
change left and right comment markers from the default # and
new-line. With no arguments, the comment mechanism is effectively
disabled. With one argument, the left marker becomes the argument
and the right marker becomes new-line. With two arguments, both
markers are affected. Comment markers may be upto one character long.
divert m4 maintains 10 output streams numbered 0-9. The final output is the
concatenation of the streams in numerical order; initially stream 0
is the current stream. The divert macro changes the current stream
to its (digit-string) argument. Output diverted to a stream other
than 0 through 9 is discarded. Output to diversion 0 is output
immediately.
undivert causes immediate output of text from diversions names as arguments,
or all diversions if no argument. Text may be undiverted into another
diversion. Undiverting discards the diverted text. It is not
possible to undivert(0).
divnum returns the value of the current output stream.
dn1 reads and discards characters up to and including the next new-line.
ifelse has three or more arguments. If the first argument is the same string
as the second, then the value is the third argument. If not, and if
there are more than four arguments, the process is repeated with
arguments 4, 5, 6 and 7. Otherwise, the value is either the fourth
string, or if it is not present, null.
incr returns the value of its argument incremented by one. The value of
the argument is calculated by interpreting an initial digitstring as
a decimal number.
decr returns the value of its argument decremented by 1.
eval evaluates its argument as an arithmetic expression, using 32-bit
arithmetic. Operators include +, -, *, /, %, ^(exponentiation),
bitwise &, |, ^, and relationals and parentheses. Octal and hex
numbers may be specified as in C. The second argument specifies
the radix for the result; the default is 10. The third argument may
be used to specify the minimum number of digits in the result.
len returns the number of characters in its argument.
index returns the position in its first argument where the second argument
begins (zero origin), or -1 if the second argument does not occur.
substr returns a substring of its first argument. The second argument is a
zero origin number selecting the first character; the third
argument indicates the length of the substring. A missing third
argument is taken to be large enough to extend to the end of the
first string.
translit transliterates the characters in its first argument from the set
given by the second argument to the set given by the third. No
abbreviations are permitted.
include returns the contents of the file named in the argument.
paste as include but included text is not processed by m4, just output
literally.
sinclude is identical to include, except that it says nothing if the file is
inaccesible.
spaste as sinclude but included text is not processed by m4, just output
literally.
syscmd executes the system command given in the first argument. No value
is returned.
sysval is the return code from the last call to syscmd.
maketemp fills in a string of XXXXX in its argument with the current
process ID.
m4exit causes immediate exit from m4. Argument 1, if given, is the exit
code; the default is 0.
m4wrap argument 1 will be pushed back at final EOF; example;
m4wrap('cleanup()')
errprint prints its argument on the diagnostic output file.
dumpdef prints current names and definitions, for the named items, or for
all if no arguments are given.
traceon with no arguments, turns on tracing for all macros (including
built-ins). Otherwise, turns on tracing for named macros.
traceoff turns off trace globally and for any macros specified. Macros
specifically traced by traceon can be untraced only by specific
calls to traceoff.